valve knife Safety Certifications
Valve knives, also known as slide gate valves in some industries, are critical components used to control fluid flow. Safety certifications for valve knives ensure they meet stringent standards for design, performance, and safety. Here are some common safety certifications and standards associated with valve knives:
1. CE Marking (European Conformity):
– Indicates compliance with EU safety, health, and environmental requirements.
– Ensures the valve knife meets the essential requirements of applicable EU directives.
2. ANSI (American National Standards Institute):
– Provides accreditation to standards that promote safety and dependability.
– Relevant ANSI standards include ANSI B16.34 for valves and related components.
3. ISO (International Organization for Standardization):
– ISO 9001 emphasizes quality management systems.
– ISO 14001 focuses on environmental management.
– ISO 5208 specifies pressure testing of metallic valves, ensuring operational safety.
4. API (American Petroleum Institute):
– API 6D standard applies to pipeline valves and includes specifications for design, performance, and testing.
5. ATEX (Atmosphères Explosibles):
– Applicable in EU countries, certifies equipment for use in explosive atmospheres.
– Ensures that the valve knife is safe to operate in hazardous environments.
6. PED (Pressure Equipment Directive):
– Another EU directive that ensures equipment intended for pressurized containment is safe.
– Includes assessment procedures for design, manufacturing, and testing.
7. SIL (Safety Integrity Level):
– According to IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 standards, ensures reliability and safety in process industries.
– SIL certification is crucial for applications requiring high levels of safety.
Each of these certifications verifies that a valve knife meets rigorous quality and safety benchmarks crucial for various industrial applications, enhancing overall operational safety. Proper adherence to these standards ensures reliability and compliance with legal and industrial safety requirements.
List Reference Technical Parameters of “valve knife”
Valve knives, also known as knife gate valves, are used to control fluid flow in a variety of industrial applications. Here are some reference technical parameters:
1. Size Range:
– Commonly available from DN 50 (2”) to DN 1200 (48”).
2. Pressure Ratings:
– Typically rated from PN 2.5 (25 psi) to PN 40 (580 psi)
3. Body Materials:
– Various materials including cast iron, ductile iron, carbon steel, stainless steel, and special alloys.
4. Gate Material:
– Stainless steel (e.g., SS 304, SS 316), hardened alloys for higher abrasion resistance.
5. Seat Material:
– Options are resilient (rubber, EPDM, NBR) or metal seats for higher temperature and pressure applications.
6. End Connections:
– Flanged, wafer, lugged, or threaded end types conforming to standards like ANSI, DIN, or JIS.
7. Temperature Range:
– Generally from -20°C to 400°C (-4°F to 752°F), depending on material selection.
8. Operation Mechanism:
– Manual (handwheel), pneumatic actuator, electric actuator, or hydraulic actuator.
9. Stem Type:
– Rising or non-rising stem.
10. Flow Direction:
– Bi-directional or uni-directional, depending on design.
11. Leakage Class:
– Class V (metal-to-metal), Class VI (soft seated) as per ANSI/FCI 70-2.
12. Body Design:
– Uni-body or split-body with options for bonneted or bonnet-less designs.
13. Standards Compliance:
– Compliance with international standards like API, ISO, ANSI, and others specific to applications like mining, water treatment, and slurry handling.
14. Mounting Options:
– ISO 5211 mounting pad for actuator installation.
By leveraging these parameters, users can ensure the right selection of valve knife to meet operational needs and ensure efficient and reliable fluid control.
List Product features of “valve knife”
A valve knife is a specialized tool designed primarily for cutting and sealing applications, especially in environments that handle fluid or gas systems. Below are its key product features:
1. Precision Cutting Blade: The valve knife is equipped with a finely honed, high-quality blade designed to execute clean, precise cuts, ideal for delicate materials and intricate tasks.
2. Durable Construction: Typically constructed using robust materials such as stainless steel, the valve knife offers long-lasting durability, ensuring consistent performance even in harsh environments.
3. Ergonomic Handle: Designed with user comfort in mind, the knife features an ergonomic handle that reduces hand fatigue and improves grip during prolonged use, enhancing overall user safety and control.
4. Safety Lock Mechanism: Many valve knives come with an integrated safety lock mechanism to prevent accidental blade exposure, adding an extra layer of security during transport and storage.
5. Versatility: Suitable for various applications, including cutting valve stems, gasket materials, and other flexible or semi-flexible components, which makes it a versatile tool in industrial settings.
6. Maintenance Friendly: Easy to clean and maintain, the valve knife can be disassembled quickly for thorough cleaning, ensuring that hygiene standards are met, particularly important in food and pharmaceutical industries.
7. Corrosion Resistance: The materials used are often rust and corrosion-resistant, making the valve knife suitable for use in environments with exposure to moisture and chemicals.
8. Replaceable Blades: Some models feature interchangeable blades, providing economical and practical solutions for maintaining sharpness and functionality over time without needing to replace the entire tool.
9. Lightweight Design: Despite its solid build, the valve knife is generally lightweight, facilitating ease of use and reducing operator strain over extended periods.
10. Compact and Portable: Its compact size allows for easy transport and convenient storage, making it an essential tool for fieldwork or confined spaces.
These features collectively make the valve knife a valuable tool for professionals requiring precision, durability, and safety in their cutting operations.
List Various Types of “valve knife”
Certainly! Valve knives are specialized tools used primarily for cutting and removing valve-like structures, particularly in medical and industrial applications. Various types of valve knives cater to specific needs:
1. Aortic Valve Knife: Used mainly in cardiovascular surgeries, particularly for excising or manipulating the aortic valve.
2. Mitral Valve Knife: Designed for procedures involving the mitral valve, often featuring a curved blade to match the anatomy.
3. Ball Valve Knife: Commonly used in industrial settings, designed to cut or modify ball valves.
4. Gate Valve Knife: A type of knife gate valve that cuts through materials to create a tight seal in industries like mining, wastewater treatment, and pulp & paper.
5. Butterfly Valve Knife: Often applied in pneumatic conveyance systems, used for cutting or scraping residue from butterfly valves.
6. Pulmonary Valve Knife: Utilized in surgeries dealing with the pulmonary valve, typically in the context of congenital heart defects.
7. Tricuspid Valve Knife: Operates on the tricuspid valve, used primarily in procedures to repair or replace this heart valve.
8. Valve Leaflet Scraper: Designed to scrape or excise valve leaflets, particularly in minimally invasive heart surgeries.
Each type of valve knife is designed with a specific purpose and often tailored to the anatomical structure or industrial component it’s meant to address. Materials, blade shapes, and ergonomic designs can vary widely to suit the specialized needs of each application.
List Application of “valve knife”
A valve knife is a specialized surgical instrument primarily used in cardiovascular surgery. Engineered to cut delicate and precise structures, it is especially valuable in procedures involving the heart and its valves. Below are key applications of a valve knife:
1. Heart Valve Repair and Replacement:
– Mitral Valve Repair: Valve knives are used to excise damaged sections of the mitral valve to facilitate repair procedures.
– Aortic Valve Replacement: Surgeons employ valve knives to remove diseased or damaged aortic valves before replacing them with prosthetic valves.
– Tricuspid Valve Surgery: Utilized to trim or remove the dysfunctional parts of the tricuspid valve.
2. Congenital Heart Defect Correction:
– Septal Defect Repairs: Valve knives help in the precise cutting required for patching holes in the heart’s septum.
– Valve Reconstruction: Used in reconstructive surgery to correct congenital anomalies in heart valves.
3. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG):
– Arterial and Venous Harvesting: The tool is instrumental in the precise dissection of arteries or veins used for bypass grafts.
4. Tumor Excision:
– Tumor Removal: Surgeons use valve knives to delineate and excise cardiac tumors while preserving surrounding healthy tissue.
5. Endocarditis Treatment:
– Infected Valve Excision: Valve knives assist in removing infected or inflamed tissue in cases of bacterial endocarditis.
6. Percutaneous Procedures:
– Valve Knife in Catheters: Miniature valve knives can be integrated into catheter-based systems for percutaneous interventions, offering less invasive options for patients.
The precision and delicacy of valve knives make them indispensable tools in modern cardiac surgery, enabling surgeons to perform intricate procedures with better outcomes and reduced complications.
List Buyer Types of “valve knife”
Certainly! The buyers of valve knives vary across several industries and applications. Here are the main buyer types:
1. Industrial Manufacturing Plants: Industries involved in the processing of raw materials such as metals, chemicals, and plastics commonly use valve knives to control the flow and cut-off of materials within pipelines and processing systems.
2. Pulp and Paper Mills: These facilities use valve knives to manage the flow of pulp and paper slurry. The knives help ensure smooth operation and are crucial in systems that handle abrasive materials.
3. Wastewater Treatment Plants: In these plants, valve knives are used to manage the flow of sludge and other waste materials. The corrosion-resistant nature of many valve knives makes them suitable for these harsh environments.
4. Food and Beverage Processing: Hygiene and precision are critical in this sector. Valve knives control the flow of food products and manage waste, requiring materials and designs that comply with food safety standards.
5. Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industries: These sectors need highly precise and clean flow control solutions. Valve knives in these industries must meet stringent sanitary and operational standards to handle sensitive materials.
6. Mining and Mineral Processing: In mining operations, valve knives are used to control the flow of slurry and other abrasive materials. The robust construction of valve knives makes them an excellent fit for the demanding conditions in this sector.
7. Power Generation Plants: Both nuclear and conventional power plants require valve knives for the regulation of fluids and gases within their systems, contributing to efficiency and safety in operations.
8. Oil and Gas Industry: This industry demands high-performance valve knives to handle various fluids and gases under extreme pressures and temperatures. The operations within pipelines, refineries, and offshore rigs benefit greatly from their use.
9. Agriculture and Irrigation: Control of water flow for irrigation and drainage systems relies on valve knives. Their durability and effectiveness in various environmental conditions make them a key component in agricultural operations.
In summary, valve knives are versatile tools utilized across multiple sectors requiring precise fluid and material control. Their buyers seek reliability, durability, and performance to enhance efficiency and safety in their operations.
List “valve knife” Project Types for Different Industries
Valve Knife Project Types Across Different Industries
1. Oil and Gas Industry
– Pipeline Maintenance: Valve knives are used for precision cutting during maintenance of pipelines to ensure smooth flow and minimize blockages.
– Refinery Operations: Applied in cutting and managing materials within complex refinery systems.
2. Water and Wastewater Management
– Effluent Control: Used for cutting and controlling the flow of untreated and treated water in treatment plants.
– Sludge Management: Assist in handling and processing sludge by cutting through dense waste.
3. Chemical Industry
– Reactor Maintenance: Employed in reactor systems to manage flow and prevent clogs.
– Flow Control: Essential in cutting and controlling the flow of various chemicals in processing plants.
4. Pulp and Paper Industry
– Pulp Processing: Crucial for chopping and regulating the flow of pulp and fibrous materials.
– Paper Manufacturing: Used in various stages of paper production to handle dense materials.
5. Mining and Mineral Processing
– Ore Transportation: Utilized to manage the flow of slurries and ores.
– Tailings Control: Used in cutting and directing tailings in processing plants.
6. Food and Beverage Industry
– Ingredient Handling: Implemented in cutting and processing raw materials.
– Waste Management: Effective in managing and cutting waste products for disposal.
7. Pharmaceutical Industry
– Fluid Management: Used in the precise handling of liquids and slurries.
– Process Control: Essential in processing various materials during drug manufacturing.
8. Power Generation
– Ash Handling: Utilized in cutting and disposing of ash in coal-fired plants.
– Cooling Systems: Applied in regulating coolant flow in various power plant systems.
9. Cement Industry
– Clinker Handling: Used in managing and cutting the flow of clinker and raw materials.
– Dust Control: Assist in the proper disposal and handling of dust particles.
Conclusion
Valve knives are a versatile tool utilized across a multitude of industries for their efficiency in managing, cutting, and controlling different types of materials. Their application ranges from pipeline maintenance in oil and gas, to ingredient handling in the food and beverage industry, underscoring their universal importance.
valve knife Accessories Upgrades and Custom Manufacturing Options
Valve knives are vital tools in various industrial applications, prized for their precision and reliability. Enhancing their performance and adaptability can significantly improve operational efficiency. Here’s a quick overview of key accessories, upgrades, and custom manufacturing options for valve knives:
Accessories:
1. Adjustable Handles: Ergonomic and adjustable handles enhance user comfort and control.
2. Protective Sheaths: Custom-fit blade sheaths extend the lifespan of the knife by protecting it from damage and contamination.
3. Blade Guard: Attachable guards ensure safe handling and reduce the risk of accidental injuries.
4. Mounting Brackets: Specialized brackets allow for easy attachment to various machinery, improving versatility.
Upgrades:
1. Enhanced Blade Coatings: Options like titanium nitride or diamond-like carbon coatings increase blade durability and reduce friction.
2. High-Performance Blades: Upgrading to blades made from high-speed steel or carbide can improve cutting efficiency and longevity.
3. Improved Sealing Mechanisms: Upgraded sealing solutions, such as advanced O-rings or gaskets, enhance the knife’s operational reliability by preventing leaks.
4. Automation Integration: Integrating with automated systems through smart sensors and actuators can lead to more precise control and reduced manual intervention.
Custom Manufacturing Options:
1. Blade Customization: Tailor blade length, width, and thickness to suit specific operational needs, enhancing functionality.
2. Material Selection: Choose from a range of materials, including stainless steel, high-carbon steel, or ceramics, based on specific application requirements.
3. Specialized Cutting Angles: Custom cutting angles can be designed to optimize performance for particular materials or cutting conditions.
4. Personalized Design Features: Incorporate unique design elements, such as custom handle shapes or integrated measurement tools, to meet specialized user needs.
Investing in the right accessories, upgrades, and custom manufacturing options can significantly enhance the performance, safety, and versatility of valve knives, ensuring they meet the stringent demands of your industrial applications.
List Quality Control and The Manufacturing Process of “valve knife”
Quality Control in Valve Knife Manufacturing:
1. Material Inspection: Verify raw materials (e.g., steels) for composition and defects.
2. Dimensional Checks: Ensure dimensions conform to specifications using precision instruments.
3. Heat Treatment Monitoring: Record and control temperatures and times during heat treatment to attain required hardness.
4. Surface Finish Analysis: Inspect surface finish for roughness and defects using profilometers.
5. Functionality Testing: Assess cutting edges for sharpness and durability through test cuts.
6. Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): Apply methods like ultrasonic testing to detect internal flaws.
7. Final Inspection: Conduct a comprehensive check of the finished product for compliance with all standards.
8. Documentation: Maintain detailed records of all inspections and tests for traceability.
Manufacturing Process of Valve Knife:
1. Design and Planning: Develop detailed technical drawings and manufacturing plans.
2. Material Selection: Choose high-quality materials based on required properties (e.g., durability, corrosion resistance).
3. Cutting and Shaping: Use CNC machines for precise cutting and initial shaping of the blade from raw material.
4. Heat Treatment: Perform processes like annealing, quenching, and tempering to enhance blade hardness and resilience.
5. Grinding: Employ surface and edge grinding to refine blade shape and sharpness.
6. Polishing: Use abrasives to achieve the desired surface finish, enhancing both functionality and appearance.
7. Assembly: Integrate the blade with other components, ensuring proper alignment and secure fixing.
8. Final Finish: Apply finishing touches, such as coatings, to improve performance and protect against wear.
9. Quality Assurance: Conduct thorough quality control checks to verify each valve knife meets specifications.
10. Packaging: Package the knives carefully to prevent damage during transportation.
Combining meticulous quality control and a disciplined manufacturing process ensures that each valve knife meets stringent performance and durability standards.
How to use “valve knife”
Using a valve knife, often utilized in culinary settings for precision work, involves a few straightforward steps. Here’s how:
1. Preparation: Before using the knife, ensure it is clean and sharp. A sharp valve knife ensures precision and reduces the risk of slip-related injuries.
2. Grip: Hold the knife handle firmly with your dominant hand. Your grip should be comfortable and allow maximum control over the blade’s motion.
3. Cutting Surface: Place the item you wish to cut on a stable, non-slip cutting board. Make sure the board is clean and spacious enough to handle the food item without crowding.
4. Cutting Technique:
– For intricate work (like garnishing): Position the tip of the valve knife at the start point of your cut. Gently push or draw the blade in a controlled motion, guiding it through the material. A rocking motion can help maintain precision.
– For carving or peeling: Start in one corner of the item (e.g., fruits or vegetables). Align the blade with the contour you’re aiming to cut. Apply gentle, consistent pressure, moving the knife smoothly along the desired pathway.
5. Safety: Always cut away from your body and keep your non-cutting hand clear of the blade’s path. Use cut-resistant gloves if necessary for added safety.
6. Maintenance: After use, wash the valve knife in warm, soapy water, carefully avoiding any contact with the sharp edge. Dry immediately with a clean cloth to prevent rust, and store in a secure place, preferably in a knife block or sheath.
By following these steps, you can use a valve knife effectively and safely for various precise cutting tasks.
“valve knife” Comparative Analysis
The term “valve knife” encompasses specialized cutting instruments across various domains, most notably in medical and industrial applications. Here’s a comparative analysis focusing on these two primary fields.
Medical Valve Knife:
Purpose: Primarily designed for surgical procedures involving precise incisions; common in cardiovascular and occasionally neurological surgeries.
Design: Features fine, sharp blades that enable detailed surgical maneuvers, often constructed from high-grade stainless steel for sterilization and durability.
Usage: Utilized in procedures like heart valve repairs where meticulous cutting is paramount. Its ergonomic handle ensures controlled, delicate operations to minimize tissue damage.
Advantages: Enhances precision during surgeries, reduces patient recovery time due to minimal invasiveness, and offers sterilization capabilities to prevent infections.
Limitations: Requires skilled manipulation, can be costly, and must be rigorously maintained to ensure blade sharpness and sterility.
Industrial Valve Knife:
Purpose: Used in manufacturing and engineering to cut and shape materials, often in the context of valves used in pipelines and machinery.
Design: Sturdier and more robust than medical variants, constructed from industrial-grade metals tailored to withstand intense pressure and wear.
Usage: Integral for shaping, trimming, and maintaining the integrity of valves in sectors like oil, gas, and water management. Designed for compatibility with various machining tools.
Advantages: Offers durability, precision in material handling, and adaptability to different machinery. Often features replaceable blades to extend tool lifespan.
Limitations: Requires specific technical knowledge for effective use, can be cumbersome due to its robust build, and may necessitate regular replacements or sharpening depending on the material being worked on.
Comparative Analysis:
– Precision: Medical valve knives exceed in exactness due to their fine blade design, crucial for surgical success. Industrial variants prioritize resilience and material handling efficiency.
– Materials: Medical devices use sterilizable materials; industrial types favor durability against physical wear.
– Cost and Maintenance: Both types are investments but differ in maintenance needs — medical valve knives focus on sterility and sharpness, while industrial versions require durability and material compatibility considerations.
Conclusively, the “valve knife” serves critical, albeit diverse functions in medical and industrial arenas, reflecting the adaptability of this tool in enhancing both human and mechanical efficiency.
“valve knife” Warranty and Support
Valve Knife Warranty and Support
At Valve Knife, we stand by the quality and durability of our products. We offer a comprehensive warranty to ensure customer satisfaction and peace of mind.
Warranty Coverage:
1. Duration: Our Valve Knife comes with a 2-year limited warranty from the date of purchase.
2. Scope: This warranty covers defects in material and workmanship under normal use. It does not cover damage caused by misuse, abuse, unauthorized modifications, or normal wear and tear.
3. Process: If a defect arises within the warranty period, please contact our customer service team to initiate a claim. You may be required to provide proof of purchase and a description of the issue.
4. Remedies: Upon approval of the warranty claim, we will repair or replace the defective product free of charge. In cases where the product is no longer available, we may offer a similar replacement or a refund at our discretion.
Support Services:
1. Customer Service: Our dedicated support team is available to assist you with any inquiries or issues. You can reach us via phone, email, or through our website’s contact form.
2. Online Resources: Visit our website for a comprehensive FAQ section, user manuals, and troubleshooting guides to help you get the most out of your Valve Knife.
3. Maintenance Tips: Our website and support team provide valuable maintenance tips to ensure the longevity and optimal performance of your Valve Knife.
4. Feedback: We welcome customer feedback and suggestions for product improvements. Your input helps us enhance our products and services.
Your satisfaction is our top priority. With our robust warranty and dedicated support, you can trust Valve Knife to deliver both quality and peace of mind.
For any assistance, please don’t hesitate to contact us.
List “valve knife” FAQ
Valve Knife FAQ
1. What is a valve knife?
A valve knife is a specialized surgical instrument primarily used in cardiovascular surgeries. It is designed to cut or excise heart valve tissue with precision. The tool is crucial for procedures like valve repair or replacement.
2. What materials are used in valve knives?
Valve knives are typically made from high-grade, surgical stainless steel to ensure sterility and durability. Some versions may also incorporate titanium or tungsten carbide for enhanced strength and longevity.
3. What are the types of valve knives?
There are various types of valve knives, including straight, curved, and angled designs. Each type is tailored for specific procedures and anatomical considerations, allowing for minimal invasiveness and maximum precision.
4. How is a valve knife sterilized?
Valve knives are typically sterilized using autoclaving, a process that employs high-pressure steam. Disposable valve knives are pre-sterilized and intended for single use to eliminate the risk of contamination.
5. Who uses valve knives?
Valve knives are used by cardiovascular surgeons and their teams during heart valve surgeries. They require specialized training to operate these instruments effectively and safely.
6. What are the benefits of using a valve knife?
The primary benefits of using a valve knife include precise cutting, reduced tissue damage, and improved surgical outcomes. The design of the knife enhances maneuverability, allowing surgeons to operate with higher precision and control.
7. Are there any risks associated with using a valve knife?
As with any surgical instrument, there are inherent risks. Improper use can lead to tissue damage or excessive bleeding. Surgeons need to be properly trained and follow stringent protocols to mitigate these risks.
8. How long does a valve knife last?
The longevity of a valve knife depends on its material and frequency of use. High-quality, reusable valve knives can last several years with proper care and regular maintenance.
9. Can valve knives be recycled?
Stainless steel and titanium valve knives can often be recycled, but it depends on local medical waste and recycling regulations. Single-use knives should be disposed of according to medical waste guidelines.
This quick FAQ aims to provide an overview of valve knives, their uses, and considerations. For specialized queries, it’s recommended to consult surgical instrument manufacturers or medical professionals.
Top 10 FAQ with answer about valve knife for Buyer Sourcing from China
Certainly! Here are the top 10 frequently asked questions (FAQ) about sourcing valve knives from China, along with concise answers:
1. What are valve knives?
Valve knives are specialized cutting tools designed for precise cutting in industrial applications, particularly for materials like rubber, plastics, and soft metals. They ensure clean, efficient cuts, critical for maintaining the integrity of the materials being processed.
2. Why source valve knives from China?
China offers competitive pricing, high-quality manufacturing, and a wide range of suppliers. The country’s advanced production capabilities and large-scale industries facilitate faster production and innovation.
3. How to ensure the quality of valve knives from China?
Choose suppliers with certifications like ISO 9001, conduct factory audits, request samples, and check for positive reviews or client testimonials. Collaborating with reputable sourcing agents can also help ensure quality.
4. What materials are used in valve knives?
Common materials include high-speed steel (HSS), tungsten carbide, and stainless steel. These materials are chosen for their durability, precision, and resistance to wear and tear.
5. How to identify reliable suppliers?
Look for suppliers with years of experience, good export records, certifications, and strong communication skills. Trade shows, online directories (like Alibaba), and industry associations can help identify reputable manufacturers.
6. What is the typical lead time for orders?
Lead times vary depending on order size and supplier capacity. Typically, it ranges from 2 to 6 weeks. Custom orders may take longer due to additional design and production requirements.
7. Are there customization options available?
Yes, many Chinese manufacturers offer customization, including specific blade dimensions, materials, coatings, and branding. Provide detailed specifications to ensure the product meets your needs.
8. What payment terms are commonly accepted?
Common payment terms include T/T (Telegraphic Transfer), L/C (Letter of Credit), and sometimes PayPal for smaller orders. Negotiating favorable terms based on your relationship with the supplier is advisable.
9. What shipping methods are available?
Valve knives can be shipped via air, sea, or express courier. The choice depends on urgency, budget, and order size. Sea freight is cost-effective for large orders, while air freight is faster for urgent needs.
10. How to handle potential import duties and taxes?
Consult with a customs broker to understand the specific duties and taxes for your country. Factor these costs into your total budget to avoid surprises. Some suppliers can provide CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight) quotes that cover these aspects.
By addressing these FAQs, you can make informed decisions while sourcing valve knives from China, ensuring you get high-quality products at competitive prices.